The overall system will consist primarily of circuitry to absorb, convert and regulate the solar energy. The flow of energy will be dependent on the MOSFET switches’ configuration, and the charge controller configuration. For the DC-DC buck, two states will be available: When MOSFET Q1 is conducting, energy will be stored in the inductor, until Q1 stops conducting. MOSFET Q2 will then begin conducting, causing the energy (voltage) stored in the inductor to flow to Vout. These two operations will switch between each other at a frequency and duty cycle dependent on the PWM signal control feedback signal. The charge controller will dictate the rate at which the 12 Volt battery will be charged through controlling the current passed through from the DC-DC buck. The charging circuit will direct the flow of energy based on the conditions of the battery level and the output voltage from the DC-DC buck. Multiple charging scenarios are available given the load and battery conditions:

1. When the solar panel output power is insufficient and the battery is at full charge, the load can be powered solely by the 12 V battery,
2.  When the load requires no power and the battery charge level is low, the DC-DC Buck will flow through the charge controller to charge the battery as necessary.
3. When the battery is at full charge and the solar panel can provide sufficient power, the battery will be disconnected from the load and the solar panel will be connected directly to the load for delivery of power.